Vitamin, Their Chemical Names & Deficiency Diseases Notes for RRB Exams – Railway ALP and Group D – General Science

Vitamin, Their Chemical Names & Deficiency Diseases

Vitamin :- Solubility :- Chemical Name :- Deficiency Disease

Vitamin A :- Fat Soluble :- Retinol :- Night Blindness, Hyperkeratosis, Keratinization

Vitamin B1 :- Water Soluble :- Thiamine :- Beriberi, Heart failure

Vitamin B2 :- Water Soluble :- Riboflavin :- Angular stomatitis, Mouth Disorders, Photophobia

Vitamin B3 :- Water Soluble :- Niacin :- Pellagra

Vitamin B7 :- Water Soluble :- Biotin :- Dermatitis, Enteritis (Inflammation of intestines)

Vitamin B12 :- Water Soluble :- Cyanocobalamin :- Pernicious anaemia

Vitamin C :- Water Soluble :- Ascorbic Acid :- Scurvy, Pyrexia

Vitamin D :- Fat Soluble :- Calciferol :- Rickets, Osteomalacia

Vitamin E :- Fat Soluble :- Tocoferol :- Sexual Reproduction Problems

Vitamin K :- Fat Soluble :- Phylloquinone :- Bleeding disease

 *Vitamin C  → Helps to heal wound & in immunity to the body; Artificially synthesized

 *Vitamin B12 → Contains Cobalt

 *Vitamin B2  → Gives yellow color to milk

 *Vitamin A  → Anti-infective vitamin

 *Vitamin K  → Helps in Blood clot

Macromolecule :- Building Block  

Carbohydrates :- Monosaccharides

Protein :- Amino acids

Lipids :- Glycerol + fatty acids

Nucleic acids :- Nucleotides

Carbohydrates

 *Carbohydrates are the polyhydroxy organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen and oxygen hydrogen is 2:1 exactly as H2O (2:1)

 *Carbohydrates may be classified into the following four major groups viz.

Monosaccharides

 *Monosaccharides are the simplest form of carbohydrates.

 *All carbohydrates are reduced to this state before absorption and utilization.

Disaccharide

 *Disaccharides consist of two covalently joined monosaccharide

 *They produce two molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis

 *Examples include lactose, sucrose, maltose

Oligosaccaharides

 *Oligosaccaharides consist of few number (2-6) of monosaccharide units e.g., glycoproteins.

Polysaccharides

 *Polysaccharides are composed of many molecules of monosaccharides linked together e.g., Glycerole

Proteins

 *Are macromolecules or bio molecules composed of amino acids linked by peptide bondg. hemoglobin, albumin, globulin, enzymes etc.

 *The constituent elements of proteins are carbon (54%), hydrogen (7%), nitrogen (16%), oxygen (22%) and some may contain sulfur (1%) or phosphorus (0.6%)

 *Proteins acts as enzymes – accelerate the rate of metabolic reactions

 *Perform hereditary transmission by nucleoproteins of the cell nucleus.

 *Maintain colloidal osmotic pressure of blood

 *As hormones, growth factors – perform regulatory functions and gene activators.

Lipids

 *Group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (vitamins A, D, E, and k),  monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, Phospholipids and others

 *Main biological functions of lipids include storing energy, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes

 *Lipids are hydrophobic and insoluble in water because they contain a hydrocarbon tail of CH2s that is nonpolar and repellant to water.

Nucleic acid

 *Nucleic acids, which include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid), are made from monomers known as nucleotides

 *Each nucleotide has three components: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

 *If the sugar is deoxyribose, the polymer is DNA. If the sugar is ribose, the polymer is RNA.

 *When a cell divides, its DNA is copied and passed from one cell generation to the next generation.

 *DNA is organized into chromosomesand found within the nucleus of our cells.

 *RNA is essential to the synthesis of proteins. It is also a component of cell organelles called

 *Information contained within the genetic code is typically passed from DNA to RNA to the resulting proteins.